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Religion in Russia and the Soviet Union, to 1945 The Russian Orthodox Church played a major role in the history of Russia dating back centuries. It was a source of anti-Semitism, including the fake Protocols of the Elders of Zion. The Russian church contributed to the pogroms that slaughtered Jews and sent Jews fleeing westward. During World War I, the Russian Orthodox Church looked forward to taking back its old base, Constantinople, from Russia’s wartime enemy, the Ottoman Empire.

Tsar Nicholas, head of the church, had taken command of Russia’s armies, and with his failures and the miseries of the Russian people in early 1917 he lost the support of almost everyone and was forced to abdicate. Russia’s new provisional government granted religious rights to all. This extended freedom to Catholics beyond the Edict of Toleration that the tsar had created with the Roman Catholic Church in 1905. Roman Catholic churches had been allowed to open.

Now, with the overthrow of the tsar, restrictions on Catholic worship were eliminated. The Provisional Government kept Russia in the war. The Bolsheviks led the new regime. They intended “religious freedom” and tolerance. They were not planning to bar people from going to Church services or snatch bibles from their hands. In 1918 a civil war began.

Leaders of the Russian Orthodox Church supported forces opposed to the Soviet regime. The Soviets held the tsar and his immediate family and some servants in custody in the Ural region and feared hostile forces advancing from Siberia. Critics called the tsar Bloody Nicholas because of his decisions, including anti-Semitic pogroms. Now it would be his and his family’s blood that would be spilled. The civil war continued into 1920 and brought more hunger, starvation and economic ruin.

The anti-Soviet forces on their own were without much of a propaganda network and relied on Orthodox priests for their liaison with civilians. A group of bishops gathered where the anti-Bolsheviks held power, and they supported monarchy. During the civil war the Soviet regime has been described as having executed 28 Russian Orthodox bishops and 1,200 Orthodox priests. And with the success of the Soviet regime many Orthodox priests went into exile. The Soviet regime moved to oversee all churches. The regime acted on a law that held that those who managed a church’s property were required to submit to their local Soviet, in triplicate, a list of all property intended for use in religious services.

At the close of the civil war the Soviet government tried appealing to those Muslims in Central Asia who had been opposed to tsarist rule of their homeland. The anti-Bolshevik forces had been there during the civil war, supporting tsarist colonial rule. The Bolsheviks removed the remnants of tsarist authority from these areas and sent them to Siberia. In these former colonies were Communists, many of whom were also Muslim. In conjunction with local Communists and anti-tsarists, the Soviet regime divided the former colonies imperfectly into republics.

Each was considered as having equal representation in the governing of what was called the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The Soviet government, meanwhile, had under house arrest the patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church, Tikhon, who was accused of having been a saboteur. Tikhon was refusing cooperation with the Soviet government’s control over of church properties. A Soviet sponsored council deposed Tikhon as Patriarch, and in 1925 a new patriarch was chosen.

This was Sergius I, who would be patriarch until his death in 1944 at the age of 87. Dionne quotes Cardinal Francis George, archbishop of Chicago, describing worship in the Soviet Union. Freedom of worship was guaranteed in the Constitution of the former Soviet Union. You could go to church, if you could find one. All of these were co-opted by the government. Bolshevik leader during and just prior to the Russian Revolution of 1917.

Mikhail Frunze and his wife Sophia Frunze. Two years after the Second Congress Frunze became an important leader in the 1905 Revolution, at the head of striking textile workers in Shuya and Ivanovo. During the February Revolution, Frunze headed the Minsk civilian militia before his election as president of the Byelorussian Soviet. Béla Kun, Jacques Sadoul, Leon Trotsky, Mikhail Frunze and Sergey Gusev.

After the October Revolution of 1917, Frunze became Military Commissar for the Ivanovo-Voznesensk Province in 1918. In November 1920, Frunze’s army retook the Crimea and managed to push White general Pyotr Wrangel and his troops out of Russia. In December 1921, Frunze visited Ankara during Turkish War of Independence as an ambassador of the Ukrainian SSR and established Turkish – Soviet relations. Frunze had been noted among communist leaders as possessing a very creative and almost unorthodox view on matters of implementation and policy. He gained the respect and admiration of his comrades thanks to his fearless and successful pursuit of complicated military objectives and his endurance during the illegality period of the communist party. Frunze was suffering from a chronic ulceration, and although it had been suggested to him many times that he undergo surgery, he tended to favour more conservative treatments.